Infecciones por estreptococos del grupo S. anginosus en pediatría / S. anginosus group streptococcal infections in children

Los estreptococos del grupo Streptococcus anginosus (EGA), también llamados "Streptococcus milleri", fueron reconocidos como parte de los estreptococos del grupo viridans (EGV) desde principios del siglo XX. Su rol como patógenos humanos, sin embargo comenzó a destacarse recién en la década de 1970. En esta actualización se describen aspectos microbiológicos y clínicos de los EGA. Los métodos fenotípicos de identificacón e incluso algunos genotípicos carecen de precisión para reconocer las tres especies del grupo (Streptococcus anginosus, Streptococcus constellatus y Streptococcus intermedius) e incluso pueden fallar en su clasificación a nivel de grupo. La mayoría de ellos son sensibles a los antibióticos beta-lactámicos pero son considerables los porcentajes de resistencia a macrólidos, lincosamidas y tetraciclinas. Los EGA son colonizantes habituales de las mucosas orofaríngea, intestinal y genitourinaria, pero, cada vez más frecuentemente, son reconocidos como patógenos humanos. Es ampliamente conocida su capacidad de formar abscesos en órganos sólidos, especialmente abscesos cerebrales, pulmonares y hepáticos. También producen sinusitis, empiemas y colecciones en piel y tejidos blandos, hueso, articulaciones, etc. Se han encontrado asociados con exacerbaciones pulmonares en pacientes con fibrosis quística y con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica. Producen también infecciones posteriores a mordeduras humanas, infecciones diseminadas, bacteriemia sin foco aparente y, en menor medida, endocarditis infecciosa (AU)

Streptococci from the Streptococcus anginosus group (SAG), also termed "Streptococcus milleri", were recognized as members of the viridans group streptococci (VGS) in the early 20th century. Nevertheless, their role as human pathogens only became evident in the 1970s. In this update, microbiological and clinical aspects of the SAG are described. Phenotypic and even some genotypic identification methods lack accuracy in recognizing the three species of the group (Streptococcus anginosus, Streptococcus constellatus, and Streptococcus intermedius) and may fail to classify them at the group level. Most of them are sensitive to beta-lactam antibiotics but rates of resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, and tetracyclines are significant. SAGs are common colonizers of the oropharyngeal, intestinal, and genitourinary mucosa, but are increasingly recognized as human pathogens. Their ability to form abscesses in solid organs, especially brain, lung and liver, is widely known. They may produce sinusitis, empyemas, and collections in skin and soft tissues, bone, joints, etc. They have also been associated with pulmonary exacerbations in patients with cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In addition, they may cause infections following human bites, disseminated infections, bacteremia without apparent focus, and, to a lesser extent, infective endocarditis (AU)

Oral infectious bacteria in dental plaque and saliva as risk factors in patients with esophageal cancer.

BACKGROUND: High levels of periodontopathic bacteria as well as Streptococcus anginosus were detected in cancer tissue from patients with esophageal cancer. An association between oral infectious bacteria and esophageal cancer has been reported. METHODS: Characteristics of the oral microbiota and periodontal conditions were studied as clinicopathologic factors in patients with esophageal cancer. The study included 61 patients with esophageal cancer and 62 matched individuals without any cancers. Samples of subgingival dental plaque and unstimulated saliva were collected to evaluate the prevalence and abundance of the following oral bacteria using a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, and S. anginosus. RESULTS: In the cancer group, the prevalence of all bacteria, with the exception of F. nucleatum, in dental plaque; the prevalence of A. actinomycetemcomitans in saliva; the abundance of all bacteria, with the exception of F. nucleatum and P. intermedia, in dental plaque; and the abundance of A. actinomycetemcomitans and S. anginosus in saliva were significantly higher. Furthermore, a logistic regression analysis suggested that the prevalence of T. forsythia and S. anginosus in dental plaque and of A. actinomycetemcomitans in saliva, as well as a drinking habit, were associated with a high risk of esophageal cancer, with a high odds ratio. CONCLUSIONS: The current findings have potential implications for the early diagnosis of esophageal cancer.

Tyrosine tRNA synthetase as a novel extracellular immunomodulatory protein in Streptococcus anginosus.

Streptococcus anginosus is frequently detected in patients with infective endocarditis, abscesses or oral cancer. Although S. anginosus is considered the causative pathogen of these diseases, the pathogenic mechanisms of the bacterium have remained unclear. Previously, we suggested that an extracellular antigen from S. anginosus (SAA) serves as a pathogenic factor by inducing nitric oxide production in murine macrophages. In the present study, we identified SAA using LC-MS/MS and assessed the biological activities of His-tagged recombinant SAA in murine macrophages. SAA was identified as a tyrosine tRNA synthetase (SaTyrRS) that was isolated from the extracellular fraction of S. anginosus but not from other oral streptococci. In addition, inducible nitric oxide synthase and TNF-α mRNA expression was induced in recombinant SaTyrRS-stimulated murine macrophages. However, their mRNA expression was not induced in macrophages stimulated with truncated or heat-inactivated recombinant SaTyrRS, and the activation motif was identified as Arg264-Thr270. Consequently, these results indicated that SaTyrRS could be a novel and specific immunomodulatory protein in S. anginosus.

Clinical Characteristics of Infections Caused by Streptococcus Anginosus Group.

This study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics, distribution of different strains and risk factors of patients infected with Streptococcus anginosus group (SAG). In the population of 463 patients, the male-to-female ratio was 1.95:1, and the patient age ranged from 6 months to 103 years. There were 49 children (10.58%), 311 young and middle-aged adults (67.17%), and 103 elderly adults (22.25%). Approximately 45.4% had underlying conditions, which were mostly malignant tumors and diabetes. Of the 463 specimens, 254 were S. anginosus (54.86%), 173 were S. constellatus (37.37%), and 36 were S. intermedius (7.77%). According to the age distribution, the incidence peaked in the 35-54 year age group. Different sites of infection had statistically significant differences regarding the constituent ratios of these three species. Different age groups also exhibited statistically significant differences in constituent ratios of the pathogenic organisms, as well as organ infections. In our population, 269 were clinically cured, 184 reported satisfactory improvement, and 10 died. SAG, as an opportunistic pathogen, can induce pyogenic infections in patients of all ages and shows no significant gender predilection in any age group. The three pathogenic organisms had differences with respect to patient age and infections of body sites.

A Rare Case of Myonecrosis with Soft-Tissue Emphysema in a Diabetic Foot Caused by Streptococcus anginosus Isolated in Pure Culture: A Case Study.

Streptococcus anginosus (SAG) is a known human pathogen and member of the Streptococcus milleri group. SAG is a known bacterial cause of soft-tissue abscesses and bacteremia and is an increasingly prevalent pathogen in infections in patients with cystic fibrosis. We describe a rare case of SAG as an infectious agent in a case of nonclostridial myonecrosis with soft-tissue emphysema. This is the only case found in the literature of SAG cultured as a pure isolate in this type of infection and was associated with a prolonged course of treatment in an otherwise healthy patient.

Polymicrobial etiology as a prognostic factor for empyema in addition to the renal, age, purulence, infection source, and dietary factors score.

BACKGROUND: Empyema is an important and serious disease with high morbidity and mortality worldwide. However, the bacteriology and prognostic factors of empyema remain poorly understood, and data on the relationships among these parameters are scant. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed a prospectively collected database of patients with empyema admitted to Kurashiki Central Hospital, Japan, between May 2007 and September 2015. Only patients who had positive results on pleural fluid bacterial culture were included. We collected patient characteristics, bacteriology findings, treatments, and outcomes, and we assessed the prognostic factors for in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: We included 71 patients in this study. The most commonly isolated bacteria were members of the Streptococcus anginosus group (37%), followed by anaerobes (30%). In-hospital mortality was 11%. On multivariate analysis, polymicrobial empyema (odds ratio [OR], 8.25; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08-62.90) and RAPID (renal, age, purulence, infection source, and dietary factors) score (OR, 6.89; 95% CI, 1.73-27.40) were significant risk factors for in-hospital mortality. The most common etiology of polymicrobial empyema was a combination of the members of the S. anginosus group and anaerobes, but no relationship was observed between the combination of microorganisms and outcomes. Although no significant difference was observed in treatment between the survivor and non-survivor groups, all patients who underwent surgery survived. CONCLUSIONS: Members of the S. anginosus group and anaerobes were frequent pathogens in empyema, and polymicrobial etiology was independently associated with mortality in addition to the RAPID score. Surgery may be one option for preventing mortality.

The fibronectin-binding protein homologue Fbp62 of Streptococcus anginosus is a potent virulence factor.

Streptococcus anginosus appears to be able to adhere to cultured epithelial cells or fibronectin and this may be associated with bacterial pathogenicity. In the present study, the molecular characteristics and virulence of the fibronectin-binding protein (FBP), Fbp62, of S. anginosus were investigated in animal models to determine the role of the molecule in bacterial infection. fbp62 encodes a 549 amino acid residue with an apparent molecular mass of 62.8 kDa that lacks a membrane anchor motif and a leader peptide, suggesting that fbp62 codes for an atypical FBP. It has been observed that the S. anginosus Fbp62 is very similar to the FbpA of Streptococcus gordonii, PavA of Streptococcus pneumoniae, SmFnB of Streptococcus mutans and Fbp54 of Streptococcus pyogenes. Recombinant Fbp62 prepared from pGEX-4T-2 was found to bind to fibronectin in a dose-dependent manner and competitively inhibit the binding of S. anginosus to fibronectin. Furthermore, anti-Fbp62 antiserum abrogated the binding of S. anginosus to fibronectin. Adhesion of the isogenic mutant, Δfbp62, constructed from S. anginosus NCTC 10713 (wild-type, WT) by homologous recombination to HEp-2 cells and DOK cells was significantly weaker than that of S. anginosus WT. In addition, Δfbp62's lethality and ability to form abscesses were weaker in a mouse model of infection than in the WT strain. Taken together, these results suggest that Fbp62 is an important pathogenic factor of S. anginosus.

Efficient construction of Streptococcus anginosus mutants in strains of clinical origin.

Streptococcus anginosus group (SAG) is Gram-positive bacteria responsible for a number of purulent human infections such as brain and liver abscesses, which have been on the rise for last few decades. Although some virulence factors of SAG are described, they are mostly undefined and there are almost no methods for genetic manipulations of clinical SAG. Therefore, we presented various approaches to produce engineered strains of this poorly known group of streptococci. We developed a procedure of transformation characterized by transformation efficiency at the level of 104 per 1 µg DNA for certain strains. Moreover, mutagenesis for many SAG strain is possible based on the process of natural transformation. However, the usefulness of methods and their effectiveness are strain dependent.

Regulation of the ß-hemolysin gene cluster of Streptococcus anginosus by CcpA.

Streptococcus anginosus is increasingly recognized as an opportunistic pathogen. However, our knowledge about virulence determinants in this species is scarce. One exception is the streptolysin-S (SLS) homologue responsible for the ß-hemolytic phenotype of the S. anginosus type strain. In S. anginosus the expression of the hemolysin is reduced in the presence of high glucose concentrations. To investigate the genetic mechanism of the hemolysin repression we created an isogenic ccpA deletion strain. In contrast to the wild type strain, this mutant exhibits hemolytic activity in presence of up to 25 mM glucose supplementation, a phenotype that could be reverted by ccpA complementation. To further demonstrate that CcpA directly regulates the hemolysin expression, we performed an in silico analysis of the promoter of the SLS gene cluster and we verified the binding of CcpA to the promoter by electrophoretic mobility shift assays. This allowed us to define the CcpA binding site in the SLS promoter region of S. anginosus. In conclusion, we report for the first time the characterization of a potential virulence regulator in S. anginosus.

Enterococcus faecalis Demonstrates Pathogenicity through Increased Attachment in an Ex Vivo Polymicrobial Pulpal Infection.

This study investigated the host response to a polymicrobial pulpal infection consisting of Streptococcus anginosus and Enterococcus faecalis, bacteria commonly implicated in dental abscesses and endodontic failure, using a validated ex vivo rat tooth model. Tooth slices were inoculated with planktonic cultures of S. anginosus or E. faecalis alone or in coculture at S. anginosus/E. faecalis ratios of 50:50 and 90:10. Attachment was semiquantified by measuring the area covered by fluorescently labeled bacteria. Host response was established by viable histological cell counts, and inflammatory response was measured using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and immunohistochemistry. A significant reduction in cell viability was observed for single and polymicrobial infections, with no significant differences between infection types (∼2,000 cells/mm2 for infected pulps compared to ∼4,000 cells/mm2 for uninfected pulps). E. faecalis demonstrated significantly higher levels of attachment (6.5%) than S. anginosus alone (2.3%) and mixed-species infections (3.4% for 50:50 and 2.3% for 90:10), with a remarkable affinity for the pulpal vasculature. Infections with E. faecalis demonstrated the greatest increase in tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (47.1-fold for E. faecalis, 14.6-fold for S. anginosus, 60.1-fold for 50:50, and 25.0-fold for 90:10) and interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß) expression (54.8-fold for E. faecalis, 8.8-fold for S. anginosus, 54.5-fold for 50:50, and 39.9-fold for 90:10) compared to uninfected samples. Immunohistochemistry confirmed this, with the majority of inflammation localized to the pulpal vasculature and odontoblast regions. Interestingly, E. faecalis supernatant and heat-killed E. faecalis treatments were unable to induce the same inflammatory response, suggesting E. faecalis pathogenicity in pulpitis is linked to its greater ability to attach to the pulpal vasculature.

The competence system of Streptococcus anginosus and its use for genetic engineering.

Streptococcus anginosus is considered a human commensal but improvements in species identification in recent years have highlighted its role as an emerging pathogen. However, our knowledge about the pathogenicity mechanisms in this species is scarce. One reason for this is the lack of published genetic manipulation techniques in the S. anginosus group. To establish a novel mutation technique we investigated the competence system of S. anginosus and created a Cre-recombinase-based mutation method that allows the generation of markerless gene deletions in S. anginosus. In silico analysis of the competence system demonstrated that S. anginosus encodes homologues for the vast majority of genes that are known to be essential for the transformation of S. pneumoniae. Analysis of transformation kinetics confirmed that S. anginosus SK52 possesses an S. pneumoniae-like competence development with a rapid increase of competence after treatment with Competence Stimulating Peptide (CSP), reaching a maximum transformation efficiency of 0.24% ± 0.08%. The combination of CSP-induced transformation and the Cre-lox system allows the efficient and fast creation of markerless gene deletions and will facilitate the investigation of the pathogenicity of S. anginosus on a genetic level.

How to become a killer, or is it all accidental? Virulence strategies in oral streptococci.

Streptococci are a diverse group of Gram-positive microorganisms sharing common virulence traits and similar strategies to escape the oral niche and establish an infection in other parts of the host organism. Invasive infection with oral streptococci is "a perfect storm" that requires the concerted action of multiple biotic and abiotic factors. Our understanding of streptococcal pathogenicity and infectivity should probably be less mechanistic and driven not only by the identification of novel virulence factors. The observed diversity of the genus, including the range of virulence and pathogenicity mechanisms, is most likely the result of interspecies interactions, a massive horizontal gene transfer between streptococci within a shared oral niche, recombination events, selection of specialized clones, and modification of regulatory circuits. Selective pressure by the host and bacterial communities is a driving force for the selection of virulence traits and shaping the streptococcal genome. Global regulatory events driving niche adaptation and interactions with bacterial communities and the host steer research interests towards attempts to define the oral interactome on the transcriptional level and define signal cross-feeding and co-expression and co-regulation of virulence genes.

Streptococcus anginosus Group Bacterial Infections.

BACKGROUND: The Streptococcus anginosus group (SAG) causes a variety of infections in adults. To better understand the burden of SAG infections and their associated morbidity and mortality, we conducted a retrospective analysis of these infections in adults at a tertiary care center. METHODS: A retrospective review of all cultures positive for SAG in adults and a corresponding review of the patients' medical records were conducted at a tertiary care facility in central New York. Patients with these cultures during the period of January 2007-December 2011 were included. Demographic data, area of residence, clinical features and underlying illnesses, site of infection, length of hospital stay, antibiotic susceptibility and antibiotic therapy were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS: There were 332 SAG cases; most patients were males (59%), mean age of 47 years and 84% lived in urban areas. Overall mortality was 3% with underlying conditions common such as diabetes (25%), hypertension (31%) and immunodeficiency (22%). Most of the infections were related to skin and soft tissue (72%) and polymicrobial (70%) with gram-negative anaerobes and Enterobacteriaceae commonly isolated with SAG. CONCLUSIONS: We present the largest study, thus far, reviewing the clinical presentation, management and outcome of infections due to the SAG of organisms. Notable findings from our study are the low mortality associated with SAG infection, and the propensity to present as a skin and tissue and polymicrobial infection. Our findings will assist clinicians in managing patients with SAG infections and recognizing that S anginosus may be one of several organisms responsible for infection.

Prevention of Evisceration or Enucleation in Endogenous Bacterial Panophthalmitis with No Light Perception and Scleral Abscess.

Panophthalmitis is the most extensive ocular involvement in endophthalmitis with inflammation in periocular tissues. Severe inflammation of the anterior and posterior segments is frequently accompanied by corneal opacity, scleral abscess, and perforation or rupture. Enucleation or evisceration was the only remaining viable treatment option when all options to salvage the eye had been exhausted. The purpose of this retrospective study is to examine the outcomes of patients with endogenous bacterial panophthalmitis, no light perception and scleral abscess who were treated with multiple intravitreal and periocular injections of antibiotics and dexamethasone. Evaluation included spreading of infection to contiguous or remote sites, following evisceration or enucleation, and sympathetic ophthalmia. Eighteen patients were diagnosed with EBP, with liver abscesses in eight patients, retroperitoneal infection in four, pneumonia in two, infective endocarditis in one, cellulitis in one, drug abuse in one, and mycotic pseudoaneurysm in one. Culture results were positive for Klebsiella pneumoniae in 12 patients, Streptococcus spp. in three, Pseudomonas aeruginosa in one, Escherichia coli in one, and Staphylococcus aureus in one. The average number of periocular injections was 2.2, and the average number of intravitreal injections was 5.8. No eye required evisceration or enucleation and developed the spreading of infection to contiguous or remote sites during the follow-up. No sympathetic ophthalmia was observed in the fellow eye of all patients. Prevention of evisceration or enucleation in patients with EBP, NLP and scleral abscess can be achieved by multiple intravitreal and periocular injections of antibiotics and dexamethasone.

Molecular pathogenicity of Streptococcus anginosus.

Streptococcus anginosus and the closely related species Streptococcus constellatus and Streptococcus intermedius, are primarily commensals of the mucosa. The true pathogenic potential of this group has been under-recognized for a long time because of difficulties in correct species identification as well as the commensal nature of these species. In recent years, streptococci of the S. anginosus group have been increasingly found as relevant microbial pathogens in abscesses and blood cultures and they play a pathogenic role in cystic fibrosis. Several international studies have shown a surprisingly high frequency of infections caused by the S. anginosus group. Recent studies and a genome-wide comparative analysis suggested the presence of multiple putative virulence factors that are well-known from other streptococcal species. However, very little is known about the molecular basis of pathogenicity in these bacteria. This review summarizes our current knowledge of pathogenicity factors and their regulation in S. anginosus.

Phylogenetic relationship and virulence inference of Streptococcus Anginosus Group: curated annotation and whole-genome comparative analysis support distinct species designation.

BACKGROUND: The Streptococcus Anginosus Group (SAG) represents three closely related species of the viridans group streptococci recognized as commensal bacteria of the oral, gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts. The SAG also cause severe invasive infections, and are pathogens during cystic fibrosis (CF) pulmonary exacerbation. Little genomic information or description of virulence mechanisms is currently available for SAG. We conducted intra and inter species whole-genome comparative analyses with 59 publically available Streptococcus genomes and seven in-house closed high quality finished SAG genomes; S. constellatus (3), S. intermedius (2), and S. anginosus (2). For each SAG species, we sequenced at least one numerically dominant strain from CF airways recovered during acute exacerbation and an invasive, non-lung isolate. We also evaluated microevolution that occurred within two isolates that were cultured from one individual one year apart. RESULTS: The SAG genomes were most closely related to S. gordonii and S. sanguinis, based on shared orthologs and harbor a similar number of proteins within each COG category as other Streptococcus species. Numerous characterized streptococcus virulence factor homologs were identified within the SAG genomes including; adherence, invasion, spreading factors, LPxTG cell wall proteins, and two component histidine kinases known to be involved in virulence gene regulation. Mobile elements, primarily integrative conjugative elements and bacteriophage, account for greater than 10% of the SAG genomes. S. anginosus was the most variable species sequenced in this study, yielding both the smallest and the largest SAG genomes containing multiple genomic rearrangements, insertions and deletions. In contrast, within the S. constellatus and S. intermedius species, there was extensive continuous synteny, with only slight differences in genome size between strains. Within S. constellatus we were able to determine important SNPs and changes in VNTR numbers that occurred over the course of one year. CONCLUSIONS: The comparative genomic analysis of the SAG clarifies the phylogenetics of these bacteria and supports the distinct species classification. Numerous potential virulence determinants were identified and provide a foundation for further studies into SAG pathogenesis. Furthermore, the data may be used to enable the development of rapid diagnostic assays and therapeutics for these pathogens.

Novel twin streptolysin S-like peptides encoded in the sag operon homologue of beta-hemolytic Streptococcus anginosus.

Streptococcus anginosus is a member of the anginosus group streptococci, which form part of the normal human oral flora. In contrast to the pyogenic group streptococci, our knowledge of the virulence factors of the anginosus group streptococci, including S. anginosus, is not sufficient to allow a clear understanding of the basis of their pathogenicity. Generally, hemolysins are thought to be important virulence factors in streptococcal infections. In the present study, a sag operon homologue was shown to be responsible for beta-hemolysis in S. anginosus strains by random gene knockout. Interestingly, contrary to pyogenic group streptococci, beta-hemolytic S. anginosus was shown to have two tandem sagA homologues, encoding streptolysin S (SLS)-like peptides, in the sag operon homologue. Gene deletion and complementation experiments revealed that both genes were functional, and these SLS-like peptides were essential for beta-hemolysis in beta-hemolytic S. anginosus. Furthermore, the amino acid sequence of these SLS-like peptides differed from that of the typical SLS of S. pyogenes, especially in their propeptide domain, and an amino acid residue indicated to be important for the cytolytic activity of SLS in S. pyogenes was deleted in both S. anginosus homologues. These data suggest that SLS-like peptides encoded by two sagA homologues in beta-hemolytic S. anginosus may be potential virulence factors with a different structure essential for hemolytic activity and/or the maturation process compared to the typical SLS present in pyogenic group streptococci.

Streptococcus anginosus group disseminated infection: case report and review of literature.

Streptococcus anginosus group is widely known for its ability to cause invasive pyogenic infections. There are very few reports of disseminated infections sustained by members of this streptococcal group. We report a case of a highly disseminated infection and analyse previous literature reports. Disseminated pyogenic infection has been defined as an infection affecting two or more of the following organs/systems: central nervous system, lung, liver and spleen. We performed a PubMed search using the terms: S. milleri, S. anginosus, brain abscess, pulmonary abscess, hepatic abscess, spleen abscess. We reviewed 12 case reports including the one presented in this paper. Underlying conditions such as dental infections, malignancy, gastrointestinal and respiratory tract disease accounted for 42% of cases. No definite endocarditis was encountered, even though positive blood cultures were found in 67% of patients. Concomitant brain-liver, brain-lung and brain-spleen involvement occurred in 50%, 42% and 8% of cases respectively. Ninety-one percent (91%) of patients were treated with ß-lactams, and surgical procedures were performed in 67% of patients. Infections caused by S. anginosus group members are satisfactorily treated with penicillin G and cephalosporins. It is very important to associate surgery to antimicrobial chemotherapy in order to achieve a full or nearly full clinical recovery.

Milleri group streptococcus--a stepchild in the viridans family.

The purpose of this investigation was to provide a comprehensive review of the pathogenic role and spectrum of disease of milleri group streptococci, with special attention to bloodstream invasion and to possible differential roles among the three species. All consecutive isolates of milleri group streptococci from any anatomic source, during a 37-month period, in a tertiary care teaching hospital in Tel-Aviv, Israel, were thoroughly investigated. Identification to the species level was performed by an automated system.Streptococcus anginosus constituted 82% of the 245 patient-unique isolates from hospitalized patients. All nonurinary isolates were involved in pyogenic infections mostly originating from the gastrointestinal tract, with bacteremia in 28 cases. The 71 urinary isolates represented either urinary tract infection or nonsignificant bacteriuria. No specific association could be detected between species and the infection site, except for a higher relative representation of Streptococcus constellatus in bacteremia. Milleri group streptococci are common in clinical practice and play a different pathogenic role to other viridans streptococci. Due to their invariable association with pyogenic processes, their presence in blood warrants immediate focus identification. In addition, they have a previously unappreciated clinical niche concerning urinary tract infection. The identification of viridans streptococci to the species level is of paramount clinical significance.

Streptococcus anginosus l-cysteine desulfhydrase gene expression is associated with abscess formation in BALB/c mice.

Streptococcus anginosus, an anginosus group bacterium, is frequently isolated from odontogenic abscesses, and is the oral bacterium that is primarily responsible for producing hydrogen sulfide from l-cysteine through the action of its l-cysteine desulfhydrase (ßC-S lyase) enzyme. However, the relationship between its production of hydrogen sulfide and abscess formation has not been investigated. To elucidate the etiological role of hydrogen sulfide in abscess formation, we initially measured, using specific primers, expression of the lcd gene, which encodes ßC-S lyase, in the pus of abscesses that formed in BALB/c mice following subcutaneous injection of S. anginosus into the dorsa. Expression of lcd was >15-fold higher when l-cysteine was present than when it was absent. A mouse virulence assay revealed that the mean diameter of abscesses caused by S. anginosus FW73 plus l-cysteine was greater than that of abscesses caused by S. anginosus FW73 in the absence of l-cysteine. These findings demonstrate that the lcd gene of S. anginosus is upregulated in mouse abscesses and that hydrogen sulfide, the product of a reaction catalyzed by ßC-S lyase, plays an etiological role in odontogenic abscess formation.